WORLD MUSLIM I.T.OPERATORS UNION(WMITOU)

بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِيْمِ

The World Muslim I.T.Operators Union(wmitou)

(A Sister Organization of Islamic Research for Reviving 
Science & Technology Center)

                                web: https://wmitou1441.blogspot.com

                                                 North Mugultooly by Lane

                                                 P.O. Bandar, P.S: Sadarghat

                                      Post Code: 4100, Chattogram(Chittagong)

                                                          BANGLADESH

    (Revised Copy) 

“Watasimu Bihablillahi Zamia’ou Walaa Tafarraqoo” (Al Quran).

Assalaamu A’lykum Warahmatullah.

Dear Brothers-in-Islam,

By the Grace of Allah, Almighty, we are hereby pleased to inform you that with a view to “Unite” as well as continue “Post-Relationship” each other with the World Muslim Information Technologists- due to Google+ Shut-Downing decision from 2^nd.Day of April, 2019 on Tuesday by Google LLC, a proposed Organization, named: “The World Muslim I.T. Operators Union (WMITOU), a Sister Organization of our website: http://www.irrstc-1439-h.blogspot.com has already been published in light of the Ayat of Holy Quran: “Watasimu Bihablillahi Zamia’u Walaa Tafarraqoo” (Surah Aal-e-Imran, Ch 3 Ayat 103). Indeed, United We Stand, Divided We Fall”.

Under the above circumstances, if you are interested to join our proposed “World Muslim I.T. Operators Union” may inform us by our e-mail address: irrstc1820@gmail.com as soon as possible.

Wama Taufiqi illa Billah.

Brother-in-Islam

Sd/-

(Sheikh Muhammad Ramzan Hossain)

 https://wmwitou1441.blospot.com

Who is I.T. Operator?

Courtesy of  Wikipedia, the  Encyclopedia

Information technology operations, or IT operations, are the set of all processes and services that are both provisioned by an IT staff to their internal or external clients and used by themselves, to run themselves as a business. The term refers to the application of operations management to a business's technology needs.

The definition of IT operations differ throughout the IT industry, where vendors and individual organizations often create their own custom definitions of such processes and services for the purpose of marketing their own products. Operations work can include responding to tickets generated for maintenance work or customer issues. Teams can use event monitoring to detect incidents.^[3] Many operations teams rely on on-call responses to incidents during off-hours periods. IT operations teams also conduct software deploymentsand maintenance operations.

Definitions

Joe Hertvik defines IT Operations as being "responsible for the smooth functioning of the infrastructure and operational environments that support application deployment to internal and external customers, including the network infrastructure; server and device management; computer operations; IT infrastructure library (ITIL) management; and help desk services for an organization." ^[

Gartner defines IT operations as "the people and management processes associated with IT service management to deliver the right set of services at the right quality and at competitive costs for customers."

IT operations is generally viewed as a separate department from software development. It can include "network administration, device management, mobile contracting and help desks of all kinds."

Ernest Mueller defines IT operations as "a blanket term for systems engineers, system administrators, operations staff, release engineers, DBAs, network engineers, security professionals, and various other subdisciplines and job titles."

Systems administration

A system administrator, or sysadmin, is a person who is responsible for the upkeep, configuration, and reliable operation of computer systems. 

Network administration

A network administrator maintains infrastructure such as network switches and routers. They use technologies such as firewalls to prevent unauthorized network access.

What Is Information Technology?

A 1958 article in Harvard Business Review referred to information technology as consisting of three basic parts: computational data processing, decision support, and business software. This time period marked the beginning of IT as an officially defined area of business; in fact, this article probably coined the term.

Over the ensuing decades, many corporations created so-called "IT departments" to manage the computer technologies related to their business. Whatever these departments worked on became the de facto definition of Information Technology, one that has evolved over time. Today, IT departments have responsibilities in areas like:

• Computer tech support
• Business computer network and database administration
• Business software deployment
• Information security

Especially during the dot-com boom of the 1990s, Information Technology also became associated with aspects of computing beyond those owned by IT departments. This broader definition of IT includes areas like:

• Software development
• Computer systems architecture
• Project management

Information Technology Jobs and Careers

Job posting sites commonly use IT as a category in their databases. The category includes a wide range of jobs across architecture, engineering and administration functions. People with jobs in these areas typically have college degrees in computer science and/or information systems. They may also possess related industry certifications. Short courses in IT basics can be also be found online and are especially useful for those who want to get some exposure to the field before committing to it as a career.

A career in Information Technology can involve working in or leading IT departments, product development teams, or research groups. Having success in this job field requires a combination of both technical and business skills.

Issues and Challenges in Information Technology

• As computing systems and capabilities continue expanding worldwide, "data overload" has become an increasingly critical issue for many IT professionals. Efficiently processing huge amounts of data to produce useful business intelligence requires large amounts of processing power, sophisticated software, and human analytic skills.
• Teamwork and communication skills have also become essential for most businesses to manage the complexity of IT systems. Many IT professionals are responsible for providing service to business users who are not trained in computer networking or other information technologies but who are instead interested in simply using IT as a tool to get their work done efficiently.
• System and network security issues are a primary concern for many business executives, as any security incident can potentially damage a company's reputation and cost large sums of money.

Computer Networking and Information Technology

Because networks play a central role in the operation of many companies, business computer networking topics tend to be closely associated with Information Technology. Networking trends that play a key role in IT include:

• Network capacity and performance: The popularity of online video has greatly increased the demand for network bandwidth both on the Internet and on IT networks. New types of software applications that support richer graphics and deeper interaction with computers also tend to generate larger amounts of data and hence network traffic. Information technology teams must plan appropriately not just for their company's current needs but also this future growth.
• Mobile and wireless usages: IT network administrators must now support a wide array of smartphones and tablets in addition to traditional PCs and workstations. IT environments tend to require high-performance wireless hotspots with roaming capability. In larger office buildings, deployments are carefully planned and tested to eliminate dead spots and signal interference.
• Cloud services: Whereas IT shops in the past maintained their own server farms for hosting email and business databases, some have migrated to cloud computing environments where third-party hosting providers maintain the data. This change in computing model dramatically changes the patterns of traffic on a company network, but it also requires significant effort in training employees on this new breed of applications.

·         An information technology specialist, often called simply an “IT specialist,” works with computers and Internet networks in a variety of different settings. Most corporations have entire IT departments that help keep employees connected and websites in working order, though these are by no means the only jobs available. Schools, non-profit organizations, and basically all entities with a need for computer services and Internet technology employ people with IT expertise. These sorts of people often also work for computer companies themselves, providing help and support directly to clients. The day-to-day aspects of this job can vary, but in nearly all cases the work involves maintaining computer systems, keeping networks in working order, and being available to solve problems and address complaints as they arise.

Hardware Servicing

Keeping physical computers in good working order is one of the most straight-forward aspects of any information technology specialist’s job. These people are usually the first ones to set up new systems in corporate settings, and they’re typically also responsible for helping new employees get set up and established with a work computer. Specialists sometimes hold courses or informal classes to help users get familiar with their machines, and usually have to be familiar with a variety of different systems and operating platforms.

·         In the 1960s and 1970s, the term information technology (IT) was a little known phrase that was used by those who worked in places like banks and hospitals to describe the processes they used to store information. With the paradigm shift to computing technology and "paperless" workplaces, information technology has come to be a household phrase. It defines an industry that uses computers, networking, software programming, and other equipment and processes to store, process, retrieve, transmit, and protect information.

In the early days of computer development, there was no such thing as a college degree in IT. Software development and computer programming were best left to the computer scientists and mathematical engineers, due to their complicated nature. As time passed and technology advanced, such as with the advent of the personal computer in the 1980s and its everyday use in the home and the workplace, the world moved into the information age.

By the early 21st century, nearly every child in the Western world, and many in other parts of the world, knew how to use a personal computer. Businesses' information technology departments have gone from using storage tapes created by a single computer operator to interconnected networks of employee workstations that store information in a server farm, often somewhere away from the main business site. Communication has advanced, from physical postal mail, to telephone fax transmissions, to nearly instantaneous digital communication through electronic mail (email).

Great technological advances have been made since the days when computers were huge pieces of equipment that were stored in big, air conditioned rooms, getting their information from punch cards. The information technology industry has turned out to be a huge employer of people worldwide, as the focus shifts in some nations from manufacturing to service industries. It is a field where the barrier to entry is generally much lower than that of manufacturing, for example. In the current business environment, being proficient in computers is often a necessity for those who want to compete in the workplace.

Jobs in information technology are widely varied, although many do require some level of higher education. Positions as diverse as software designer, network engineer, and database administrator are all usually considered IT jobs. Nearly any position that involves the intersection of computers and information may be considered part of this field.

·         Each day hundreds of people call the University Operators at 919-962-2211 to ask a wide range of questions. From “Where can I park for the game?” to “What is the phone number for the Romance Languages department?” to “Where can I park for my conference?” there is almost no question this group of ITS staff members hasn’t heard.

Located on central campus, the operators route calls from campus, state, and national callers to all departments, schools and centers at UNC-Chapel Hill. Each workstation is equipped with T-Metrics software that accesses a campus phone directory database (updated daily by ITS Telecommunications).

During business hours, for each call to the Communications Center, an operator answers the call, listens to the customer’s inquiry, and routes the call directly to the corresponding University unit. All calls are tracked as to length and time of call for customer service performance reviews.

Campus services

Directory Assistance: The Communications Center staff members have access to the campus directory database coupled with routing capabilities on their specially equipped workstations. Inquires for campus numbers are searched, confirmed, and directly routed, usually in a matter of seconds.

Event Information and Conferences: Contact the Communications Center at 919-962-2211 with the time, locations and parking information for your event or conference. When you provide the center with information about your event, they can better serve your guests and speakers who call the main campus phone number.

Meet-Me conference call numbers and assistance: Any University employee can conference with a maximum of 30 parties by scheduling the time and date, in advance, with the University Operator 919-962-2211.

Should I Become an Information Technology Specialist?

An information technology (IT) specialist is a computer support and security administrator who assists companies and organizations with managing hardware, software, networking and solving problems. These professionals go by a range of titles, including information security analyst and network administrator. They can find work in a wide variety of industries, like business, government and manufacturing. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), network and computer systems administrators earned a median salary of $77,810 in May 2015.

Career Requirements

Degree Level	Bachelor's degree; master's preferred
Degree Field(s)	Computer science, information science, or a related field
License/Certification	Voluntary certifications available
Experience	3+ years
Key Skills	Analytical, organizational, leadership, communication and decision-making skills; familiarity with project management, customer management, and web platform development software; server operating systems and language platforms like Microsoft SQL, C++, and Perl; capable of using computer equipment such as servers and network analyzers
Median Annual Salary (2015)	$77,810 (for network and computer systems administrators)

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

A bachelor's degree is commonly required, but some employers prefer a master's degree in computer science, information science or a related field. Employers also want to see at least 3 years of IT experience, with 5 to 10 years of experience for upper-level positions. The skills needed as an IT specialist include analytical, organizational, leadership, communication and decision-making skills. You need familiarity with project management software, customer management software, server operating systems, web platform development software and language platforms, like Microsoft SQL, C++ and Perl. You should also be capable of using computer equipment, such as servers and network analyzers. While certification is voluntary, it is common within the field.

Steps to Becoming an IT Specialist

The following are steps you can take to become an IT specialist:

Step 1: Earn a Bachelor's Degree

The BLS maintains that a bachelor's degree in a computer-related field is the most common requirement for becoming an IT specialist. Relevant majors include computer science, information systems and software engineering. Students in bachelor degree programs generally start by gaining a solid foundation in mathematics, science and engineering. They build a broad knowledge of computer science subjects in courses in data structures, numerical analysis, data management and programming languages.

Take advantage of computer laboratory resources. Institutions that offer computer science programs may also offer sophisticated computer labs for students. You should take advantage of these resources and the opportunity to get hands-on experience with the programs and software that are taught in classes and used in day-to-day operations of an IT specialist.

Also consider completing an internship. Since experience is an important part of finding employment in this profession, entry-level IT specialists may have trouble finding work. You can gain some practical experience and make professional contacts in the field by completing an internship with a local IT firm or the IT department of a company.

Step 2: Gain Professional Experience

According to a survey of job postings from monster.com in September 2012, IT specialist jobs typically require at least 3 years of experience in the field. The BLS indicates that advanced IT management and security analysis positions may require 5 or more years of experience. Typically, less experience is necessary at smaller organizations, so aspiring IT specialists may find this to be the best place to start their careers.

Consider also obtaining certification. Though certification is not required to enter this profession, it may help demonstrate skill and experience to employers. Additionally, employers often require IT specialists to have expertise with specific products. Vendors like Cisco, Oracle and Microsoft offer certification in their software products. Third-party organizations, like CompTIA, also administer certification for multiple vendors. Certification prerequisites and requirements vary by organization, though certification is usually awarded upon successful passage of an exam.

Step 3: Consider Earning a Master's Degree

A bachelor's degree may be the most common level of education required to become an IT specialist, but some employers prefer to hire applicants who have earned master's degrees in computer science or related areas. Also, master's degrees may create more opportunities for individuals seeking career advancement or higher positions in the field. Students in master's degree programs build on the knowledge that they have accrued during their undergraduate education and explore computer science theory and practice more extensively. They may take courses in computer graphics, algorithms, artificial intelligence, computational modeling and computer vision. Independent study and research in computer science, as well as a thesis, may also be required.

Information technology operations

(Courtesy of  Wikipedia, Encyclopedia)

Information technology operations, or IT operations, are the set of all processes and services that are both provisioned by an IT staff to their internal or external client sand used by themselves, to run themselves as a business. The term refers to the application of operations management to a business's technology needs.

The definition of IT operations differ throughout the IT industry, where vendors and individual organizations often create their own custom definitions of such processes and services for the purpose of marketing their own products. Operations work can include responding to tickets generated for maintenance work or customer issues.^[2] Teams can use event monitoring to detect incidents.^[3] Many operations teams rely on on-call responses to incidents during off-hours periods.^[2] IT operations te"The process of studying a procedure or business in order to identify its goals and purposes and create systemsand procedures that will achieve them in an efficient way". (The Merriam-Webster dictionary)

The field of system analysis relates closely to requirements analysis or to operations research. It is also "an explicit formal inquiry carried out to help a decision makeridentify a better course of action and make a better decision than she might otherwise have made.”

The terms analysis and synthesis stem from Greek, meaning "to take apart" and "to put together," respectively. These terms are used in many scientific disciplines, from mathematics and logic to economics and psychology, to denote similar investigative procedures. Analysis is defined as "the procedure by which we break down an intellectual or substantial whole into parts," while synthesis means "the procedure by which we combine separate elements or components in order to form a coherent whole." ^[3] System analysis researchers apply methodology to the systems involved, forming an overall picture.

 System analysis is used in every field where something is developed. Analysis can also be a series of components that perform organic functions together, such as system engineering. System engineering is an interdisciplinary field of engineering that focuses on how complex engineering projects should be designed and managed.

Information technology

The development of a computer-based information system includes a system analysis phase. This helps produce the data model, a precursor to creating or enhancing a database. There are a number of different approaches to system analysis. When a computer-based information system is developed, system analysis (according to the Waterfall model) would constitute the following steps:

    The development of a feasibility study: determining whether a project is economically, socially, technologically and organizationally feasible

·        Fact-finding measures, designed to ascertain the requirements of the system's end-users (typically involving interviews, questionnaires, or visual observations of work on the existing system)

·        Gauging how the end-users would operate the system (in terms of general experience in using computer hardware or software), what the system would be used for and so on

Another view outlines a phased approach to the process. This approach breaks system analysis into 5 phases:

·         Scope Definition: Clearly defined objectives and requirements necessary to meet a project's requirements as defined by its stakeholders

·         Problem analysis: the process of understanding problems and needs and arriving at solutions that meet them

·         Requirements analysis: determining the conditions that need to be met

·         Logical design: looking at the logical relationship among the objects

·         Decision analysis: making a final decision

Use cases are widely used system analysis modeling tools for identifying and expressing the functional requirements of a system. Each use case is a business scenario or event for which the system must provide a defined response. Use cases evolved from object-oriented analysis.

Policy analysis

The discipline of what is today known as policy analysis originated from the application of system analysis when it was first instituted by United States Secretary of DefenseRobert McNamara.

Practitioners

Practitioners of system analysis are often called up to dissect systems th

System Analysis and Design - Overview

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Systems development is systematic process which includes phases such as planning, analysis, design, deployment, and maintenance. Here, in this tutorial, primarily focus on −

• Systems analysis
• Systems design

Systems Analysis

It is a process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying the problems, and decomposition of a system into its components.

System analysis is conducted for the purpose of studying a system or its parts in order to identify its objectives. It is a problem solving technique that improves the system and ensures that all the components of the system work efficiently to accomplish their purpose.

Systems Design

It is a process of planning a new business system or replacing an existing system by defining its components or modules to satisfy the specific requirements. Before planning, you need to understand the old system thoroughly and determine how computers can best be used in order to operate efficiently.

System Analysis and Design (SAD) mainly focuses on −

• Systems
• Processes
• Technology

What is a System?

The word System is derived from Greek word Systema, which means an organized relationship between any set of components to achieve some common cause or objective.

A system is “an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a plan to achieve a specific goal.”

Constraints of a System

A system must have three basic constraints −

·        A system must have some structure and behavior which is designed to achieve a predefined objective.

·        Interconnectivity and interdependence must exist among the system components.

·        The objectives of the organization have a higher priority than the objectives of its subsystems.

For example, traffic management system, payroll system, automatic library system, human resources information system.

Properties of a System

A system has the following properties −

Organization

Organization implies structure and order. It is the arrangement of components that helps to achieve predetermined objectives.

Interaction

It is defined by the manner in which the components operate with each other.

For example, in an organization, purchasing department must interact with production department and payroll with personnel department.

Interdependence

Interdependence means how the components of a system depend on one another. For proper functioning, the components are coordinated and linked together according to a specified plan. The output of one subsystem is the required by other subsystem as input.

Integration

Integration is concerned with how a system components are connected together. It means that the parts of the system work together within the system even if each part performs a unique function.

Central Objective

The objective of system must be central. It may be real or stated. It is not uncommon for an organization to state an objective and operate to achieve another.

The users must know the main objective of a computer application early in the analysis for a successful design and conversion.

Elements of a System

The following diagram shows the elements of a system −

Outputs and Inputs

·        The main aim of a system is to produce an output which is useful for its user.

·        Inputs are the information that enters into the system for processing.

·        Output is the outcome of processing.

Processor(s)

·        The processor is the element of a system that involves the actual transformation of input into output.

·        It is the operational component of a system. Processors may modify the input either totally or partially, depending on the output specification.

·        As the output specifications change, so does the processing. In some cases, input is also modified to enable the processor for handling the transformation.

Control

·        The control element guides the system.

·        It is the decision–making subsystem that controls the pattern of activities governing input, processing, and output.

·        The behavior of a computer System is controlled by the Operating System and software. In order to keep system in balance, what and how much input is needed is determined by Output Specifications.

Types of Systems

The systems can be divided into the following types −

Physical or Abstract Systems

·        Physical systems are tangible entities. We can touch and feel them.

·        Physical System may be static or dynamic in nature. For example, desks and chairs are the physical parts of computer center which are static. A programmed computer is a dynamic system in which programs, data, and applications can change according to the user's needs.

·        Abstract systems are non-physical entities or conceptual that may be formulas, representation or model of a real system.

Open or Closed Systems

·        An open system must interact with its environment. It receives inputs from and delivers outputs to the outside of the system. For example, an information system which must adapt to the changing environmental conditions.

·        A closed system does not interact with its environment. It is isolated from environmental influences. A completely closed system is rare in reality.

Adaptive and Non Adaptive System

·        Adaptive System responds to the change in the environment in a way to improve their performance and to survive. For example, human beings, animals.

·        Non Adaptive System is the system which does not respond to the environment. For example, machines.

Permanent or Temporary System

·        Permanent System persists for long time. For example, business policies.

·        Temporary System is made for specified time and after that they are demolished. For example, A DJ system is set up for a program and it is dissembled after the program.

Natural and Manufactured System

·        Natural systems are created by the nature. For example, Solar system, seasonal system.

·        Manufactured System is the man-made system. For example, Rockets, dams, trains.

Deterministic or Probabilistic System

·        Deterministic system operates in a predictable manner and the interaction between system components is known with certainty. For example, two molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen makes water.

·        Probabilistic System shows uncertain behavior. The exact output is not known. For example, Weather forecasting, mail delivery.

Social, Human-Machine, Machine System

·        Social System is made up of people. For example, social clubs, societies.

·        In Human-Machine System, both human and machines are involved to perform a particular task. For example, Computer programming.

·        Machine System is where human interference is neglected. All the tasks are performed by the machine. For example, an autonomous robot.

Man–Made Information Systems

·        It is an interconnected set of information resources to manage data for particular organization, under Direct Management Control (DMC).

·        This system includes hardware, software, communication, data, and application for producing information according to the need of an organization.

Man-made information systems are divided into three types −

·        Formal Information System − It is based on the flow of information in the form of memos, instructions, etc., from top level to lower levels of management.

·        Informal Information System − This is employee based system which solves the day to day work related problems.

·        Computer Based System − This system is directly dependent on the computer for managing business applications. For example, automatic library system, railway reservation system, banking system, etc.

Systems Models

·        A schematic model is a 2-D chart that shows system elements and their linkages. Different arrows are used to show information flow, material flow, and information feedback.

Flow System Models

·        A flow system model shows the orderly flow of the material, energy, and information that hold the system together.

·        Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), for example, is used to abstract a real world system in model form.

Static System Models

·        They represent one pair of relationships such as activity–time or cost–quantity.

·        The Gantt chart, for example, gives a static picture of an activity-time relationship.

Dynamic System Models

·        Business organizations are dynamic systems. A dynamic model approximates the type of organization or application that analysts deal with.

·        It shows an ongoing, constantly changing status of the system. It consists of −

o   Inputs that enter the system

o   The processor through which transformation takes place

o   The program(s) required for processing

o   The output(s) that result from processing.

Categories of Information

Systems analyst

(Courtesy of Wikipedia, Encyclopedia)

A systems analyst is an information technology (IT) professional who specializes in analyzing, designing and implementing information systems. Systems analysts assess the suitability of information systems in terms of their intended outcomes and liaise with end users, software vendors and programmers in order to achieve these outcomes. A systems analyst is a person who uses analysis and design techniques to solve business problems using information technology. Systems analysts may serve as change agents who identify the organizational improvements needed, design systems to implement those changes, and train and motivate others to use the systems.

Although they may be familiar with a variety of programming languages, operating systems, and computer hardware platforms, they do not normally involve themselves in the actual hardware or software development. They may be responsible for developing cost analysis, design considerations, staff impact amelioration, and implementation timelines.

A systems analyst is typically confined to an assigned or given system and will often work in conjunction with a business analyst. These roles, although having some overlap, are not the same. A business analyst will evaluate the business need and identify the appropriate solution and, to some degree, design a solution without diving too deep into its technical components, relying instead on a systems analyst to do so. A systems analyst will often evaluate and modify code as well as review scripting.

Some dedicated professionals possess practical knowledge in both areas (business and systems analysis) and manage to successfully combine both of these occupations, effectively blurring the line between business analyst and systems analyst.

Roles

A systems analyst may:

·         Identify, understand and plan for organizational and human impacts of planned systems, and ensure that new technical requirements are properly integrated with existing processes and skill sets.

·         Plan a system flow from the ground up.

·         Interact with internal users and customers to learn and document requirements that are then used to produce business required documents.

·         Write technical requirements from a critical phase.

·         Interact with software architect to understand software limitations.

·         Help programmers during system development, e.g. provide use cases, flowcharts, UML and BPMN diagrams.

·         Document requirements or contribute to user manuals.

·         Whenever a development process is conducted, the system analyst is responsible for designing components and providing that information to the developer.

Systems development life cycle

The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is the traditional system development method that organizations use for large-scale IT Projects. The SDLC is a structured framework that consists of sequential processes by which an information system is developed.

1.   System Investigation

2.   System Analysis

3.   System Design

4.   Programming

5.   Testing

6.   Implementation

7.   Operation and Maintenance

A computer systems analyst is an occupation in the field of information technology. A computer systems analyst works to solve problems related to computer technology. Many analysts set up new computer systems, both the hardware and software, add new software applications to increase computer productivity. Others act as system developers or system architects, but most analysts specialize in a specific type of system such as business systems, accounting systems, financial systems, or scientific systems.

Programmer,  Developer & or Software Engineer 

(Courtesy of Wikipedia,Encyclopedia)

.A programmer, developer ("dev"), coder, or software engineer is a person who creates computer software. The term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area of computers, or to a generalist who writes code for many kinds of software. One who practices, or professes, a formal approach to programming may also be known as a programmer analyst. 

A programmer's primary computer language (Assembly, COBOL, C, C++, C#, Java, Lisp, Python, etc.) is often prefixed to these titles, and those who work in a web environment often prefix their titles with web.

A range of occupations—including: software developer, web developer, mobile applications developer, embedded firmware developer, software engineer, computer scientist,  that involve programming, also require a range of other skills. The use of the term programmer for these positions is sometimes considered an insulting or derogatory simplification.

Ada Lovelace

Wikipedia

The Countess of Lovelace
A c. 1843 daguerreotype by Antoine Claudet
Born	The Hon. Augusta Ada Byron 10 December 1815 London, England
Died	27 November 1852 (aged 36) Marylebone, London, England
Resting place	St. Mary Magdalene, Hucknall, Nottingham, England
Known for	Mathematics, computing
Spouse(s)	William King-Noel, 1st Earl of Lovelace
Children	·         Byron King-Noel, Viscount Ockham and 12th Baron Wentworth ·         Anne Blunt, 15th Baroness Wentworth ·         Ralph King-Milbanke, 2nd Earl of Lovelace

Biography

Childhood

Ada Byron, aged four

Work

Throughout her life, Lovelace was strongly interested in scientific developments and fads of the day, including phrenology and mesmerism. After her work with Babbage, Lovelace continued to work on other projects. In 1844 she commented to Woronzow Greig about her desire to create a mathematical model for how the brain gives rise to thoughts and nerves to feelings ("a calculus of the nervous system"). She never achieved this, however. In part, her interest in the brain came from a long-running pre-occupation, inherited from her mother, about her 'potential' madness. As part of her research into this project, she visited the electrical engineer Andrew Crosse in 1844 to learn how to carry out electrical experiments. In the same year, she wrote a review of a paper by Baron Karl von Reichenbach, Researches on Magnetism, but this was not published and does not appear to have progressed past the first draft. In 1851, the year before her cancer struck, she wrote to her mother mentioning "certain productions" she was working on regarding the relation of maths.

Lovelace:  and the Contribution as

a woman in Computer Science.

Lovelace first met Charles Babbage in June 1833, Later that month Babbage invited Lovelace to see the prototype for his difference engine. She became fascinated with the machine and used her relationship with Somerville to visit Babbage as often as she could. Babbage was impressed by Lovelace's intellect and analytic skills. He called her "The Enchantress of Number". In 1843 he wrote to her:

Forget this world and all its troubles and if possible its multitudinous Charlatans—every thing in short but the Enchantress of Number.

During a nine-month period in 1842–43, Lovelace translated the Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea's article on Babbage's newest proposed machine, the Analytical Engine. With the article, she appended a set of notes. Explaining the Analytical Engine's function was a difficult task, as even many other scientists did not really grasp the concept and the British establishment was uninterested in it. Lovelace's notes even had to explain how the Analytical Engine differed from the original Difference Engine.Her work was well received at the time; the scientist Michael Faraday described himself as a supporter of her writing.

The notes are around three times longer than the article itself and include (in Section G), in complete detail, a method for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers with the Engine, which could have run correctly had Babbage's Analytical Engine been built. (Only his Difference Engine has been built, completed in London in 2002.) Based on this work, Lovelace is now widely considered to be the first computer programmer and her method is recognised as the world's first computer program.

Section G also contains Lovelace's dismissal of artificial intelligence. She wrote that"The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform. It can follow analysis; but it has no power of anticipating any analytical relations or truths." This objection has been the subject of much debate and rebuttal, for example by Alan Turing in his paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence".

The First computer programer

Ada Lovelace's diagram from "note G", the first published computer algorithm

In 1840, Babbage was invited to give a seminar at the University of Turin about his Analytical Engine. Luigi Menabrea, a young Italian engineer and the future Prime Minister of Italy, transcribed Babbage's lecture into French, and this transcript was subsequently published in the Bibliothèque universelle de Genève in October 1842. Babbage's friend Charles Wheatstone commissioned Ada Lovelace to translate Menabrea's paper into English. She then augmented the paper with notes, which were added to the translation. Ada Lovelace spent the better part of a year doing this, assisted with input from Babbage. These notes, which are more extensive than Menabrea's paper, were then published in the September 1843 edition of Taylor's Scientific Memoirs under the initialism AAL.

Ada Lovelace's notes were labelled alphabetically from A to G. In note G, she describes an algorithm for the Analytical Engine to compute Bernoulli numbers. It is considered to be the first published algorithm ever specifically tailored for implementation on a computer, and Ada Lovelace has often been cited as the first computer programmer for this reason. The engine was never completed so her program was never tested.

In 1953, more than a century after her death, Ada Lovelace's notes on Babbage's Analytical Engine were republished as an appendix to B.V. Bowden's Faster than Thought: A Symposium on Digital Computing Machines. The engine has now been recognised as an early model for a computer and her notes as a description of a computer and software.

What is Algorithm?

What is Algorithm?

“Some words reflect the importance of al-Khwārizmī's contributions to mathematics. "Algebra" is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations he used to solve quadratic equations. Algorism and algorithm stemfrom Algoritmi, the Latin form of his name.^[8] His name is also the origin of (Spanish) guarismo^[9] and of (Portuguese) algarismo, both meaning digit”. (Source: Web.)

Search Algorithm

Neural Machine Translation System (NMT)

Search Algorithm: For Post Translate, was being used to “Phrase based Translation System” and the said translating system, perform with word by word translate; not sentence-wise translation then counting feasibility and expressing meaning with Search Algorithm. The proposed translate is to be done with artificial intellectual directed Neural Machine Translation System (NMT)”. 

 The Great Role in Mathematics, the “Fuel of Science”of Muhammad Musa Al-Khwarizmi:

“Algorithm based Microchip by Muhammad Musa Al Khwarizmi, helps to change the world picture”.

 (Addressed by Dr. Mahathir Muhammad, Ex-Prime Minister of Malaysia in an International Islamic Forum in Kuala lampore : (Source: The Magazine, published by Rabat-e-Al Alam Al Islam, K.S.A.)

“Al-Khwarizmi’s second major work was on the subject of arithmetic, which survived in a Latin translation but was lost in the original Arabic. The translation was most likely done in the 12th century by Adelard of Bath, who had also translated the astronomical tables in 1126”. (Ditto)

 “The Latin manuscripts are untitled, but are commonly referred to by the first two words with which they start: Dixit algorizmi ("So said al-Khwārizmī"), or Algoritmi de numero Indorum ("al-Khwārizmī on the Hindu Art of

 Reckoning"), a name given to the work by Baldassarre Boncompagni in 1857. The original Arabic title was possibly Kitāb al-Jam‘wat-Tafrīq bi-Ḥisāb al-Hind^[22] ("The Book of Addition and Subtraction According to the Hindu Calculation").”^{[23] (Wikipedia)}

“On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals written about 825 was principally responsible for spreading the Hindu–Arabic numeral system throughout the Middle East and Europe. It was translated into Latin as Algoritmi de numero Indorum. Al-Khwārizmī, rendered as (Latin) Algoritmi, led to the term "algorithm".

What is Digital?

The current era is called “Digital Era”.

The word of “Digital” comes from the word of “Digit” means any one figure 1 (one) to 9 (nine) of Arabic Numerals with 0 (zero).

(Of signals or data) expressed as series of the digits 0 and 1, typically represented by values of a physical quantity such as voltage or magnetic polarization.

“Describes any system based on discontinuous data or events. Computers Are digital machines because at their most basic level they can distinguish between just two values, 0 and 1, or off and on. There is no simple way to represent all the values in between, such as 0.25. All data that a computer processes must be encoded digitally, as a series of zeroes (0) and ones (1).” (Source: Web.)

“The opposite of digital is analog. A typical analog device is a clock in which the hands move continuously around the face. Such a clock is capable of indicating every possible time of day. In contrast, a digital clock is capable of representing only a finite number of times (every tenth of a second”. (-Ditto-)

“In general, humans experience the world analogically. Vision, for example, is an analog experience because we perceive infinitely smooth gradations of shapes and colors. Most analog events, however, can be simulated digitally. Photographs in newspapers, for instance, consist of an array of dots that is either black or white. From afar, the viewer does not see the dots (the digital form), but only lines and shading, which appear to be continuous. Although digital representations are approximations of analog events, they are useful because they are relatively easy to store and manipulate electronically. The trick is in converting from an along to digital, and back again”. (-Ditto-)

Internally, computers are digital because they consist of discrete units called bits that are either on or off. But by combining many bits in complex ways, computers simulate analog events. In one sense, this is what computer science is all about. (-Ditto-)

Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizm: Founder of Computer Science.

Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizm: The Great Successful user of Binary encoding system.Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Persian: محمد بن موسی خوارزمی‎‎, Arabic: محمد بن موسى الخوارزمی‎‎; c. 780 –. 850), formerly Latinized as Algoritmi,^{[note 2]} was a Persian^[3][4] (modern Khiva, Uzbekistan) mathematician, astronomer, and geographer during the Abbasid Caliphate, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. (Source: Wikipedia/web)   

  

 “In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm (/ˈælɡərɪðəm/ ( listen) AL-gə-ri-dhəm) is a self-contained sequence of actions to be performed. Algorithms can perform calculation, data processing

data processing and automated reasoning tasks. (Source: Ditto) 

What is Algorithm?

“Some words reflect the importance of al-Khwārizmī's contributions to mathematics. "Algebra" is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations he used to solve quadratic equations. Algorism and algorithm stemfrom Algoritmi, the Latin form of his name.^[8] His name is also the origin of (Spanish) guarismo^[9] and of (Portuguese) algarismo, both meaning digit”. (Source: Web.)

Search Algorithm

Neural Machine Translation System (NMT)

Search Algorithm: For Post Translate, was being used to “Phrase based Translation System” and the said translating system, perform with word by word translate; not sentence-wise translation then counting feasibility and expressing meaning with Search Algorithm. The proposed translate is to be done with artificial intellectual directed Neural Machine Translation System (NMT)”. 

What is Binary Code?

                                    

The word of “Binary” comes from the root word “Bi” means bilateral i.e. two(0 & 1) based number. ‘Digital world’ are based on “Binary encode”.

“A bit string, interpreted as a binary number, can be translated into a decimal number. For example, the lower case a, if represented by the bit string 01100001 (as it is in the standard ASCII code), can also be represented as the decimal number 97”. (Aforesaid)

“The modern binary number system, the basis for binary code, was invented by Gottfried Leibniz in 1679 and appears in his article Explication del' Arithmétique Binaire. The full title is translated into English as the "Explanation of the binary arithmetic", which uses only the characters 1 and 0, with some remarks on its usefulness, and on the light it throws on the ancient Chinese figures of Fu Xi (1703). Leibniz's system uses 0 and 1, like the modern binary numeral system. Leibniz encountered the I Ching through French Jesuit Joachim Bouvet and noted with fascination how its hexagramscorrespond to the binary numbers from 0 to 111111 and concluded that this mapping was evidence of major Chinese accomplishments in the sort of philosophical mathematics he admired.^[2][3] Leibniz saw the hexagrams as an affirmation of the universality of his own religious belief”.

 ^{(Source: https//wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_code)}    

"In computing and telecommunications sector, binary codes are used for various methods of encoding data, such as character strings, into bit strings. Those methods may use fixed-width or variable-width strings. In a fixed-width binary code, each letter, digit, or other character is represented by a bit string of the same length; that bit string, interpreted as a binary number, is usually displayed in code tables in octal, decimal or hexadecimal notation. There are many character sets and many character encodings for them. A binary code represents text, computer processor instructions, or other data using any two-symbol system, but often the binary number system's 0 and 1. The binary code assigns a pattern of binary digits (bits) to each character, instruction, etc. For example, a binary string of eight bits can represent any of 256 possible values and can therefore.

 Represent a variety of different items

                                                          

“Modern computers use binary encoding for instructions and data. Telephone calls are carried digitally on long distance and mobile phone networks using pulse-code modulation and on voice over IP networks” (Source: Web/Wikipedia).

Noted that "A (a)" the first consonant of English alphabet is represented in Binary Code: "1100001" as a bit string (which is 97 in decimal).

“Computer” does not know/understand any alphabet of English, Arabic, Urdu, Farsi, Hindi, Bengali etc., except Binary Code 0 & 1 i.e., English/Arabic/Urdu/Bengali/Hindi/Farsi etc., all sorts of languages are being expressed in Binary Code 0 & 1, just like the following examples:

 i) 001010101010011010110

ii) 01101011001010

iii) 10110101110110110

 i) 001010101010011010110

ii) 01101011001010

iii) 10110101110110110

(Source: Computer & Information Technology, Bangladesh)

A Short History for Contributing on Inventing Arabic Numerals by the Muslim Mathematician:

Contributions

“Al-Khwārizmī's contributions to mathematics, geography, astronomy, and cartography established the basis for innovation in algebra and trigonometry. His systematic approach to solving linear and quadratic equations led to algebra, a word derived from the title of his 830 book on the subject, "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing".

Some of his work was based on Persian and Babylonian astronomy, Indian numbers, and Greek mathematics.

Al-Khwārizmī systematized and corrected Ptolemy's data for Africa and the Middle East. Another major book was Kitab surat al-ard ("The Image of the Earth"; translated as Geography), presenting the coordinates of places based on those in the Geography of Ptolemy but with improved values for the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, and Africa.^{[citation needed]}

He also wrote on mechanical devices like the astrolabe and sundial.

He assisted a project to determine the circumference of the Earth and in making a world map for al-Ma'mun, the caliph, overseeing 70 geographers.^[15]

                              

When, in the 12th century, his works spread to Europe through Latin translations, it had a profound impact on the advance of mathematics in Europe.^{[citation needed]}

Binary numerals were central to Leibniz's theology. Gottfried Leibnizbelieved that binary numbers were symbolic of the Christian idea of creatio ex nihilo or creation out of nothing” 

(Source: (i) https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki)input.   

(ii) https:ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm#cite_note-5.

Muhamma Musa Al Khawrithm, a world reputed Muslim Mathematician; Bagdad, Iraq is called him in Europe Algorithm. The word of “Logarithm” comes from Algorithm, an important portion of a computer, made by John Napier which is an important Circuit of Microchip and Device’s name of computer that is used for critical accounting.

 “Circuit of Microchip is helped to change the world picture”, addressed by Dr. Mahathir Muhammad, Ex Prime Minister of Malaysia in an International Islamic Forum in Kualalampore: (Source: The Magazine, published by Rabat-e-Al Alam Al Islam, KSA.)

 *Arabic numeral: Commonly we know that the numerals respectively ١ ٢ ٣ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸۹are “Arabic Numerals” and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 are “English Numerals”.  But in modern Mathematical Science, practically the Arabic numerals is called 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 (may be seen all international dictionaries, namely Oxford, Quick Dictionary etc.). It is verily questionable matter that why not calls 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 as ‘English Numeral’ but ‘Arabic numerals’?

Experiment: Arabic Numeral:  1=١, 2=٢, 3=٣, 6=۶, 9=۹. We do think that the numerals of1, 2, 3, 6 & 9 are merely alteration of motion of Arabic numerals ١, ٢, ٣, ۶, ۹ respectively and the personal basic invention of Musa Al Khawarithm are only 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8.   

*Roman Numeral: The analog numerals of the mathematic is I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX & X are called ‘Roman numeral’ in lieu of digital (from 0 & 1 to 9 numeral is called digital)Arabic Numeral. 

For example,’ I’ is the Ninth Number Alphabet of English Grammar, which is represented ‘One’ (1) in Roman Numeral. For example: I means =1, II means =2, III=3, IV=4, V=5, VI=6, VII=7, VIII=8, IX=9, X means =10(Ten) , “L” means =50(Fifty), “C” means=100 (Hundred), “D”=500 (Five Hundred) , “M”=1000 (One thousand) .

 However, we do think that there is basic/root figure in the Arithmetic side is only “1” (One) and its assistant is “0” (Zero) for extending large figure. For the following example is:

  

1+1=2+1=3+1=4+1=5+1=6+1=7+1=8+1=9 i.e.

1+1=2

1+1+1=3

1+1+1+1=4

1+1+1+1+1=5

1+1+1+1+1+1=6

1+1+1+1+1+1+1=7

1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1=8

1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1=9 i.e. 2(Two) to 9(Nine) all mathematical symbols are the Collective of 1(one) only.

As a matter of fact of above “Arabic Numerals” naming is due to religious racing name of inventor in lieu of “English Numeral” was an Arabian, named Musa Al Khwarizmi, western name a great Muslim mathematician of the world. 

Several Numerals of the World:

There are following several kinds of world Numerals:

1.               Arabic Numerals:

 There are two kinds of Arabic Numerals:

i.                               Eastern Arabic numerals:  ٠- ١ - ٢ - ٣ -٤- ٥ - ٦ - ٧ - ٨ - ٩

         (Called Eastern Arabic numerals, used in the Middle East)

ii.                             International Arabic Numerals: (We know as English Numerals): 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9 with 0 (zero).

                (sources: Oxford, Quick etc., Dictionaries)   

(ii)              Hindu(Indian-Devanagari) numerals:

 ०.१.२.३.४.५.६.७.८.९.

(search:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals#cite_note-ifrah-13)

 (ii)              Roman Numerals: I-II-III-IV-V-VI-VII-VIII-IX-X

Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizm: Founder of ComputerScience.

Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizm: The Great Successful user of Binary encoding system.Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Persian: محمد بن موسی خوارزمی‎‎, Arabic: محمد بن موسى الخوارزمی‎‎; c. 780 –. 850), formerly Latinized as Algoritmi,^{[note 2]} was a Persian^[3][4] (modern Khiva, Uzbekistan) mathematician, astronomer, and geographer during the Abbasid Caliphate, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. (Source: Wikipedia/web)   

  

 “In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm (/ˈælɡərɪðəm/ ( listen) AL-gə-ri-dhəm) is a self-contained sequence of actions to be performed. Algorithms can perform calculation, data processing

data processing and automated reasoning tasks. (Source: Ditto) 

 The Great Role in Mathematics, the “Fuel of Science”of Muhammad Musa Al-Khwarizmi:

“Algorithm based Microchip by Muhammad Musa Al Khwarizmi, helps to change the world picture”.

 (Addressed by Dr. Mahathir Muhammad, Ex-Prime Minister of Malaysia in an International Islamic Forum in Kuala lampore : (Source: The Magazine, published by Rabat-e-Al Alam Al Islam, K.S.A.)

“Al-Khwarizmi’s second major work was on the subject of arithmetic, which survived in a Latin translation but was lost in the original Arabic. The translation was most likely done in the 12th century by Adelard of Bath, who had also translated the astronomical tables in 1126”. (Ditto)

 “The Latin manuscripts are untitled, but are commonly referred to by the first two words with which they start: Dixit algorizmi ("So said al-Khwārizmī"), or Algoritmi de numero Indorum ("al-Khwārizmī on the Hindu Art of

 Reckoning"), a name given to the work by Baldassarre Boncompagni in 1857. The original Arabic title was possibly Kitāb al-Jam‘wat-Tafrīq bi-Ḥisāb al-Hind^[22] ("The Book of Addition and Subtraction According to the Hindu Calculation").”^{[23] (Wikipedia)}

“On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals written about 825 was principally responsible for spreading the Hindu–Arabic numeral system throughout the Middle East and Europe. It was translated into Latin as Algoritmi de numero Indorum. Al-Khwārizmī, rendered as (Latin) Algoritmi, led to the term "algorithm".

The system of “Binary Code”, invented by Musa Al Khwarizmi with Arabic “1” (One) and activeness the Hindu Numeral “0” (zero), called the ‘Assistant Figure’ of mathematics had been inactivated in era of Roman numeral i.e., I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX and X.

How to invent the Arabic Numerals by Musa Al Khwarizmi?

It is noticeable that the following several figures of “Called Arabic numerals” (1 to 9) are just duplicated of “Original Arabic Numerals” (١ to ۹):

Experiment: Arabic numerals: 1=١, 2=٢, 3=٣, 6=۶, And 9=۹. We do think that the numerals of1, 2, 3, 6 & 9 are merely alteration of

motion of Arabic numerals ١, ٢, ٣, ۶, ۹ respectively and the personal basic invention of Musa Al Khwarizmi are 4, 5, 7 & 8.   

*Roman numeral: The analog numeral of the mathematic I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX & X are called ‘Roman numeral’ in lieu of digital (from 0 & 1 to 9 numeral is called digital) Arabic numeral. 

‘I’ is the Ninth Number Alphabet of English Grammar, which is represented ‘One’ (1) in Roman numeral. For example: I=1, II=2, III=3, IV=4, V=5, VI=6, VII=7, VIII=8, IX=9, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000.

We know that the previous “International Numeral” was Roman numeral i.e.I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX & X. It may be noted that an especial feature of an influential Magazine, issued in U.K, on the occasion of “London Islam Festival-1980”, observing of New Hijra century-1400, remarked that the European revive would be go-ahead before 100 years if the Arabic numeral 1, 2. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, & 9 invented 100 years ago.

 Topic: The Assistant Figure of Arithmetic “0’ (Zero)

 “Al-Khwarizmi’s work on arithmetic was responsible for introducing the Arabic numerals, based on the Hindu-Arabic numeralsystem developed in Indian mathematics, to the Western world. The term "algorithm" is derived from the algorism, the technique of performing arithmetic with Hindu-Arabic numerals developed by al-Khwārizmī. Both "algorithm" and "algorism" are derived from the Latinized forms of al-Khwārizmī's name, Algoritmiand Algorismi, respectively.

The symbol of zero is graphically rounded. The earth, sun, moon, and sky even our head is round too i.e. zero i.e. destroyable. 

There is no value of “0” (Zero) except 1 (One). Noted that there is no mathematical or statistical value of “Zero” (o) without 1 to 9 any figure; even no value if the ‘0’ (zero) is used “Before” (Left side of hand) 1(one). For the following example is:

“00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001”means only “1”(One). On the other hand, if it (Zero) is used “After” (Right side of hand) “1” (one); Zero (0) would be best significant and helpful in the mathematics side/sector for counting the

 following a largest figure i.e., million, billion, and trillion etc. figures: 

1,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000...........

Indeed, Zero, called Hindu numeral is too useful for the Arabic Numerals but not Roman Numerals. There is no easiness to use Zero in Roman numeral. For example, I0, II0, III0, but IV0 is not decentness. Noted that if the “One” (1) is expressed with in Roman numerals by 9^th of letter (consonant) “I”-of English Alphabet, it is not easiness to express a big figure with using the Roman numeral “I” figure. 

Without Allah-who is only One, all creation i.e. universe, that standard is zero is valueless. At first Allah then all creations are keen significant full, just like at firstly use 1 (one) and then use 0 zero-that standard is unit, tow zero.

Conclusion: Since the Muslim mathematicians are basically founder of computer that’s because a Muslim should wellbeing Computer for the human. Especially Muslim scientist should come quick too positive using of computer as per as possible. Some of his work was based on Persian and Babylonian astronomy, Indian numbers, and Greek mathematics.

Perhaps one o R. Rashed and Angela Armstrong write:

Al-Khwarizmi's text can be seen to be distinct not only from the Babylonian tablets, but also from Diophantus' Arithmetica. It no longer concerns a series of problems to be resolved, but an exposition which starts with primitive terms in which the combinations must give all possible prototypes for equations, which henceforward explicitly constitute the true object of study. On the other hand, the idea of an equation for its own sake appears from the beginning and, one could say, in a generic manner, insofar as it does not simply emerge in the course of solving a problem, but is specifically called on to define an infinite class of problems. If the most significant advances made by Arabic mathematics began at this time with the work of al-Khwarizmi, namely the beginnings of algebra. It is important to understand just how significant this new idea was. It was a revolutionary move away from the Greek concept of mathematics which was essentially geometry. Algebra was a unifying theory which allowed rational numbers, irrational numbers, geometrical magnitudes, etc., to all is treated as "algebraic objects". It gave mathematics a whole new

development pat the above discussion uses modern mathematical notation for the types of problems which the book discusses. However, in al-Khwārizmī's day, most of this notation had not yet been invented, so he had to use ordinary text to present problems and their solutions. For example, for one problem he writes, (from an 1831 translation). The quotable contribution of Al-Khwārizmī is “Binary Code”. 

Leibniz was trying to find a system that converts logic’s verbal statements into a pure mathematical one. After this, he came across a classic Chinese text called I Ching or ‘Book of Changes’, which used a type of binary code. The book had confirmed his theory that life could be simplified or reduced down to a series of straightforward propositions. He created a system consisting of rows of zeros and ones (Source: Web/Wikipedia)

A brief Moral Analysis/experiment on Binary Code

“A binary system in general is any system that allows only two choices such as a switch in an electronic system or a simple true (সত্য ) or false (মিথ্যা) test.”  (Wikipedia). 

 Noted that, George Boole published a paper in 1847, called 'The Mathematical Analysis of Logic' that describes an algebraic system of logic and known as “Boolean Algebra. Boole’s system was based on binary, a “Yes” (affirmative) & “No” (negative). On the other hand “On” & “Off” approach that consisted of the three most basic operations: “AND”, “OR”, and “NOT”. 

Konrad Zuse

(Courtesy of Wikipedia, Encyclopedia)

Konrad Zuse
Born	22 June 1910 Berlin, Prussia, German Empire
Died	18 December 1995 (aged 85) Hünfeld, Hesse, Germany
Nationality	German
Alma mater	Technical University of Berlin
Known for	Z3, Z4 Plankalkül Calculating Space (cf. digital physics)
Awards	Werner von Siemens Ring in 1964, Harry H. Goode Memorial Award in 1965 (together with George Stibitz), Wilhelm Exner Medal, 1969[1] Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1972 Computer History MuseumFellow Award in 1999
Scientific career
Fields	Computer science Computer engineering
Institutions	Aerodynamic Research Institute

Konrad Zuse (German: [ˈkɔnʁat ˈtsuːzə]; 22 June 1910 – 18 December 1995) was a German civil engineer, inventor and computer pioneer. His greatest achievement was the world's first programmable computer; the functional program-controlled Turing-complete Z3 became operational in May 1941. Thanks to this machine and its predecessors, Zuse has often been regarded as the inventor of the modern computer.

Born in Berlin on 22 June 1910, he moved with his family in 1912 to East PrussianBraunsberg (now Braniewo in Poland), where his father was a postal clerk. Zuse attended the Collegium Hosianum in Braunsberg. In 1923, the family moved to Hoyerswerda, where he passed his Abitur in 1928, qualifying him to enter university.

He enrolled in the Technische Hochschule Berlin (now Technical University of Berlin) and explored both engineering and architecture, but found them boring. Zuse then pursued civil engineering, graduating in 1935. For a time, he worked for the Ford Motor Company, using his considerable artistic skills in the design of advertisements.^[10] He started work as a design engineer at the Henschel aircraft factory in Schönefeld near Berlin. This required the performance of many routine calculations by hand, which he found mind-numbingly boring, leading him to dream of doing them by machine.

Zuse was also noted for the S2 computing machine, considered the first process control computer. He founded one of the earliest computer businesses in 1941, producing the Z4, which became the world's first commercial computer. From 1943 to 1945 he designed the first high-level programming language, Plankalkül. In 1969, Zuse suggested the concept of a computation-based universe in his book Rechnender Raum (Calculating Space).

 Due to World War II, Zuse's work went largely unnoticed in the United Kingdom and the United States. Possibly his first documented influence on a US company was IBM's option on his patents in 1946.

There is a replica of the Z3, as well as the original Z4, in the Deutsches Museum in Munich. The Deutsches Technikmuseum in Berlin has an exhibition devoted to Zuse, displaying twelve of his machines, including a replica of the Z1 and several of Zuse's paintings.

Pre-World War II work and the Z1

Beginning in 1935 he experimented in the construction of computers in his parents' flat on Wrangelstraße 38, moving with them into their new flat on Methfesselstraße 10, the street leading up the Kreuzberg, Berlin. Working in his parents' apartment in 1936, he produced his first attempt, the Z1, a floating point binary mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from a perforated 35 mm film. In 1937, Zuse submitted two patents that anticipated a von Neumann architecture. He finished the Z1 in 1938. The Z1 contained some 30,000 metal parts and never worked well due to insufficient mechanical precision. On 30 January 1944, the Z1 and its original blueprints were destroyed with his parents' flat and many neighbouring buildings by a British air raid in World War II.

Between 1987 and 1989, Zuse recreated the Z1, suffering a heart attack midway through the project. It cost 800,000 DM, (approximately $500,000) and required four individuals (including Zuse) to assemble it. Funding for this retrocomputing project was provided by Siemens and a consortium of five companies.

Z2, Z3, and Z4

Zuse completed his work entirely independently of other leading computer scientists and mathematicians of his day. Between 1936 and 1945, he was in near-total intellectual isolation. In 1939, Zuse was called to military service, where he was given the resources to ultimately build the Z2. In September 1940 Zuse presented the Z2, covering several rooms in the parental flat, to experts of the Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt (DVL; i.e. German Research Institute for Aviation). The Z2 was a revised version of the Z1 using telephone relays.

The DVL granted research subsidies so that in 1941 Zuse started a company, Zuse Apparatebau (Zuse Apparatus Construction), to manufacture his machines,^[16] renting a workshop on the opposite side in Methfesselstraße 7 and stretching through the block to Belle-Alliance Straße 29 (renamed and renumbered as Mehringdamm 84 in 1947).

Improving on the basic Z2 machine, he built the Z3 in 1941. On 12 May 1941 Zuse presented the Z3, built in his workshop, to the public. The Z3 was a binary 22-bit floating point calculator featuring programmability with loops but without conditional jumps, with memory and a calculation unit based on telephone relays. The telephone relays used in his machines were largely collected from discarded stock. Despite the absence of conditional jumps, the Z3 was a Turing complete computer. However, Turing-completeness was never considered by Zuse (who had practical applications in mind) and only demonstrated in 1998 (see History of computing hardware).

The Z3, the first fully operational electromechanical computer, was partially financed by German government-supported DVL, which wanted their extensive calculations automated. A request by his co-worker Helmut Schreyer—who had helped Zuse build the Z3 prototype in 1938—for government funding for an electronic successor to the Z3 was denied as "strategically unimportant".

In 1937, Schreyer had advised Zuse to use vacuum tubes as switching elements; Zuse at this time considered it a crazy idea ("Schnapsidee" in his own words). Zuse's workshop on Methfesselstraße 7 (with the Z3) was destroyed in an Allied Air raid in late 1943 and the parental flat with Z1 and Z2 on 30 January the following year, whereas the successor Z4, which Zuse had begun constructing in 1942 in new premises in the Industriehof on Oranienstraße 6, remained intact. On 3 February 1945, aerial bombing caused devastating destruction in the Luisenstadt, the area around Oranienstraße, including neighbouring houses.^[ This event effectively brought Zuse's research and development to a complete halt. The partially finished, relay-based Z4 was packed and moved from Berlin on 14 February, only arriving in Göttingen two weeks later.

Work on the Z4 could not be resumed immediately in the extreme privation of post-war Germany, and it was not until 1949 that he was able to resume work on it. He showed it to the mathematician Eduard Stiefel of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich(Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich) who ordered one in 1950. On 8 November 1949, Zuse KG was founded. The Z4 was delivered to ETH Zurich on 12 July 1950, and proved very reliable.

S1 and S2

In 1940, the German government began funding him through the Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (AVA, Aerodynamic Research Institute, forerunner of the DLR), which used his work for the production of glide bombs. Zuse built the S1 and S2 computing machines, which were special purpose devices which computed aerodynamic corrections to the wings of radio-controlled flying bombs. The S2 featured an integrated analog-to-digital converter under program control, making it the first process-controlled computer.

These machines contributed to the Henschel Werke Hs 293 and Hs 294 guided missiles developed by the German military between 1941 and 1945, which were the precursors to the modern cruise missile. The circuit design of the S1 was the predecessor of Zuse's Z11. Zuse believed that these machines had been captured by occupying Soviet troops in 1945.

Plankalkül

While working on his Z4 computer, Zuse realised that programming in machine code was too complicated. He started working on a PhD thesis containing groundbreaking research years ahead of its time, mainly the first high-level programming language, Plankalkül ("Plan Calculus") and, as an elaborate example program, the first real computer chess engine. After the 1945 Luisenstadt bombing, he flew from Berlin for the rural Allgäu, and, unable to do any hardware development, he continued working on the Plankalkül, eventually publishing some brief excerpts of his thesis in 1948 and 1959; the work in its entirety, however, remained unpublished until 1972. The PhD thesis was submitted at University of Augsburg, but rejected for formal reasons, because Zuse forgot to pay the 400 Mark university enrollment fee. (The rejection did not bother him.) Plankalkül slightly influenced the design of ALGOL 58 but was itself implemented only in 1975 in a dissertation by Joachim Hohmann. Heinz Rutishauser, one of the inventors of ALGOL, wrote: "The very first attempt to devise an algorithmic language was undertaken in 1948 by K. Zuse. His notation was quite general, but the proposal never attained the consideration it deserved". Further implementations followed in 1998 and then in 2000 by a team from the Free University of Berlin. Donald Knuth suggested a thought experiment: What might have happened had the bombing not taken place, and had the PhD thesis accordingly been published as planned?

Graphomat Z64 plotter

In addition to his computing-related work, described above, Zuse began to work in 1956 on a high precision, large format plotter. It was demonstrated at the 1961 Hanover Fair, and became well known also outside of the technical world thanks to Frieder Nake's pioneering computer art work.

Other plotters designed by Zuse include the ZUSE Z90 and ZUSE Z9004.

Helix tower: In the last years of Zuse life’s contribution.

In the last years of his life, Zuse conceptualized and created a purely mechanical, extensible, modular tower automaton he named "helix tower" ("Helixturm"). The structure is based on a gear drive that employs rotary motion (e.g. provided by a crank) to assemble modular components from a storage space, elevating a tube-shaped tower; the process is reversible, and inverting the input direction will deconstruct the tower and store the components. The Deutsches Museum restored Zuse's original 1:30 functional model that can be extended to a height of 2.7 m. Zuse intended the full construction to reach a height of 120 m, and envisioned it for use with wind power generators and radio transmission installations.

Personal life

Konrad Zuse married Gisela Brandes in January 1945, employing a carriage, himself dressed in tailcoat and top hat and with Gisela in a wedding veil, for Zuse attached importance to a "noble ceremony". Their son Horst, the first of five children, was born in November 1945.

While Zuse never became a member of the Nazi Party, he is not known to have expressed any doubts or qualms about working for the Nazi war effort. Much later, he suggested that in modern times, the best scientists and engineers usually have to choose between either doing their work for more or less questionable business and military interests in a Faustian bargain, or not pursuing their line of work at all.

According to the memoirs of the German computer pioneer Heinz Billing from the Max Planck Institute for Physics, published by Genscher, Düsseldorf, there was a meeting between Alan Turing and Konrad Zuse. It took place in Göttingen in 1947. The encounter had the form of a colloquium. Participants were Womersley, Turing, Porter from England and a few German researchers like Zuse, Walther, and Billing. (For more details see Herbert Bruderer, Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz).

After he retired, he focused on his hobby of painting.

Man is mortal

Death

Zuse died on 18 December 1995 in Hünfeld, Hesse (near Fulda) from heart failure.

Zuse the entrepreneur

During World War 2, Zuse founded one of the earliest computer companies: the Zuse-Ingenieurbüro Hopferau. Capital was raised in 1946 through ETH Zurich and an IBM option on Zuse's patents.

Zuse founded another company, Zuse KG in Haunetal-Neukirchen in 1949; in 1957 the company's head office moved to Bad Hersfeld. The Z4 was finished and delivered to the ETH Zurich, Switzerland in September 1950. At that time, it was the only working computer in continental Europe, and the second computer in the world to be sold, beaten only by the BINAC, which never worked properly after it was delivered. Other computers, all numbered with a leading Z, up to Z43, were built by Zuse and his company. Notable are the Z11, which was sold to the optics industry and to universities, and the Z22, the first computer with a memory based on magnetic storage.

By 1967, the Zuse KG had built a total of 251 computers. Owing to financial problems, the company was then sold to Siemens.

Calculating Space

In 1967, Zuse also suggested that the universe itself is running on a cellular automaton or similar computational structure (digital physics); in 1969, he published the book Rechnender Raum(translated into English as Calculating Space). This idea has attracted a lot of attention, since there is no physical evidence against Zuse's thesis. Edward Fredkin (1980s), Jürgen Schmidhuber (1990s), and others have expanded on it.

Awards and honours

Zuse received several awards for his work:

·        Werner von Siemens Ring in 1964 (together with Fritz Leonhardt and Walter Schottky)

·        Harry H. Goode Memorial Award in 1965 (together with George Stibitz)

·        Wilhelm Exner Medal in 1969.

·        Computer History Museum Fellow Award in 1999 "for his invention of the first program-controlled, electromechanical, digital computer and the first high-level programming language, Plankalkül."

The Zuse Institute Berlin is named in his honour.

The Konrad Zuse Medal of the Gesellschaft für Informatik, and the Konrad Zuse Medal of the Zentralverband des Deutschen Baugewerbes (Central Association of German Construction), are both named after Zuse.

Zuse Year 2010: Digital age & Binary Code of Number 1 and 0

The 100th anniversary of the birth of this computer pioneer was celebrated by exhibitions, lectures and workshops to remember his life and work and to bring attention to the importance of his invention to the digital age. The movie Tron: Legacy, which revolves around a world inside a computer system, features a character named Zuse, presumably in honour of Konrad Zuse. ^] German posts DP AG issued a commemorative stamp at this occasion, June 6, 2010: a Zuse portrait, composed solely by the binary code numbers 1 and 0 in fine print.

 

What is Binary Code?

A Short History for Contributing on Inventing Arabic Numerals by the Muslim Mathematician:

Contributions

“Al-Khwārizmī's contributions to mathematics, geography, astronomy, and cartography established the basis for innovation in algebra and trigonometry. His systematic approach to solving linear and quadratic equations led to algebra, a word derived from the title of his 830 book on the subject, "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing".

Some of his work was based on Persian and Babylonian astronomy, Indian numbers, and Greek mathematics.

Al-Khwārizmī systematized and corrected Ptolemy's data for Africa and the Middle East. Another major book was Kitab surat al-ard ("The Image of the Earth"; translated as Geography), presenting the coordinates of places based on those in the Geography of Ptolemy but with improved values for the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, and Africa.^{[citation needed]}

He also wrote on mechanical devices like the astrolabe and sundial.

 He assisted a project to determine the circumference of the Earth and in making a world map for al-Ma'mun, the caliph, overseeing 70 geographers.^[15]

                               

When, in the 12th century, his works spread to Europe through Latin translations, it had a profound impact on the advance of mathematics in Europe.^{[citation needed]}

Binary numerals were central to Leibniz's theology. Gottfried Leibnizbelieved that binary numbers were symbolic of the Christian idea of creatio ex nihilo or creation out of nothing” 

(Source: (i) https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki)input.   

(ii) https:ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm#cite_note-5.

Muhamma Musa Al Khawrithm, a world reputed Muslim Mathematician; Bagdad, Iraq is called him in Europe Algorithm. The word of “Logarithm” comes from Algorithm, an important portion of a computer, made by John Napier which is an important Circuit of Microchip and Device’s name of computer that is used for critical accounting.

  “Circuit of Microchip is helped to change the world picture”, addressed by Dr. Mahathir Muhammad, Ex Prime Minister of Malaysia in an International Islamic Forum in Kualalampore: (Source: The Magazine, published by Rabat-e-Al Alam Al Islam, KSA.)

 *Arabic numeral: Commonly we know that the numerals respectively ١ ٢ ٣ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸۹are “Arabic Numerals” and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 are “English Numerals”.  But in modern Mathematical Science, practically the Arabic numerals is called 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 (may be seen all international dictionaries, namely Oxford, Quick Dictionary etc.). It is verily questionable matter that why not calls 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 as ‘English Numeral’ but ‘Arabic numerals’?

Experiment: Arabic Numeral:  1=١, 2=٢, 3=٣, 6=۶, 9=۹. We do think that the numerals of1, 2, 3, 6 & 9 are merely alteration of motion of Arabic numerals ١, ٢, ٣, ۶, ۹ respectively and the personal basic invention of Musa Al Khawarithm are only 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8.   

*Roman Numeral: The analog numerals of the mathematic is I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX & X are called ‘Roman numeral’ in lieu of digital (from 0 & 1 to 9 numeral is called digital)Arabic Numeral. 

For example,’ I’ is the Ninth Number Alphabet of English Grammar, which is represented ‘One’ (1) in Roman Numeral. For example: I means =1, II means =2, III=3, IV=4, V=5, VI=6, VII=7, VIII=8, IX=9, X means =10(Ten) , “L” means =50(Fifty), “C” means=100 (Hundred), “D”=500 (Five Hundred) , “M”=1000 (One thousand) .

However, we do think that there is basic/root figure in the Arithmetic side is only “1” (One) and its assistant is “0” (Zero) for extending large figure. For the following example is:

  

1+1=2+1=3+1=4+1=5+1=6+1=7+1=8+1=9 i.e.

1+1=2

1+1+1=3

1+1+1+1=4

1+1+1+1+1=5

1+1+1+1+1+1=6

1+1+1+1+1+1+1=7

1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1=8

1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1=9 i.e. 2(Two) to 9(Nine) all mathematical symbols are the Collective of 1(one) only.

As a matter of fact of above “Arabic Numerals” naming is due to religious racing name of inventor in lieu of “English Numeral” was an Arabian, named Musa Al Khwarizmi, western name a great Muslim mathematician of the world. 

Several Numerals of the World:

There are following several kinds of world Numerals:

1.               Arabic Numerals:

 There are two kinds of Arabic Numerals:

i.                               Eastern Arabic numerals:  ٠- ١ - ٢ - ٣ -٤- ٥ - ٦ - ٧ - ٨ - ٩

         (Called Eastern Arabic numerals, used in the Middle East)

ii.                             International Arabic Numerals: (We know as English Numerals): 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9 with 0 (zero).

                (sources: Oxford, Quick etc., Dictionaries)   

(ii)              Hindu(Indian-Devanagari) numerals:

 ०.१.२.३.४.५.६.७.८.९.

(search:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals#cite_note-ifrah-13)

 (ii)              Roman Numerals: I-II-III-IV-V-VI-VII-VIII-IX-X

Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizm: Founder of Computer Science.

Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizm: The Great Successful user of Binary encoding system.Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Persian: محمد بن موسی خوارزمی‎‎, Arabic: محمد بن موسى الخوارزمی‎‎; c. 780 –. 850), formerly Latinized as Algoritmi,^{[note 2]} was a Persian^[3][4] (modern Khiva, Uzbekistan) mathematician, astronomer, and geographer during the Abbasid Caliphate, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. (Source: Wikipedia/web)   

  

 “In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm (/ˈælɡərɪðəm/ ( listen) AL-gə-ri-dhəm) is a self-contained sequence of actions to be performed. Algorithms can perform calculation, data processing

data processing and automated reasoning tasks. (Source: Ditto) 

 The Great Role in Mathematics, the “Fuel of Science”of Muhammad Musa Al-Khwarizmi:

“Algorithm based Microchip by Muhammad Musa Al Khwarizmi, helps to change the world picture”.

 (Addressed by Dr. Mahathir Muhammad, Ex-Prime Minister of Malaysia in an International Islamic Forum in Kuala lampore : (Source: The Magazine, published by Rabat-e-Al Alam Al Islam, K.S.A.)

“Al-Khwarizmi’s second major work was on the subject of arithmetic, which survived in a Latin translation but was lost in the original Arabic. The translation was most likely done in the 12th century by Adelard of Bath, who had also translated the astronomical tables in 1126”. (Ditto)

 “The Latin manuscripts are untitled, but are commonly referred to by the first two words with which they start: Dixit algorizmi ("So said al-Khwārizmī"), or Algoritmi de numero Indorum ("al-Khwārizmī on the Hindu Art of

 Reckoning"), a name given to the work by Baldassarre Boncompagni in 1857. The original Arabic title was possibly Kitāb al-Jam‘wat-Tafrīq bi-Ḥisāb al-Hind^[22] ("The Book of Addition and Subtraction According to the Hindu Calculation").”^{[23] (Wikipedia)}

“On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals written about 825 was principally responsible for spreading the Hindu–Arabic numeral system throughout the Middle East and Europe. It was translated into Latin as Algoritmi de numero Indorum. Al-Khwārizmī, rendered as (Latin) Algoritmi, led to the term "algorithm".

The system of “Binary Code”, invented by Musa Al Khwarizmi with Arabic “1” (One) and activeness the Hindu Numeral “0” (zero), called the ‘Assistant Figure’ of mathematics had been inactivated in era of Roman numeral i.e., I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX and X.

How to invent the Arabic Numerals by Musa Al Khwarizmi?

It is noticeable that the following several figures of “Called Arabic numerals” (1 to 9) are just duplicated of “Original Arabic Numerals” (١ to ۹):

Experiment: Arabic numerals: 1=١, 2=٢, 3=٣, 6=۶, And 9=۹. We do think that the numerals of1, 2, 3, 6 & 9 are merely alteration of

motion of Arabic numerals ١, ٢, ٣, ۶, ۹ respectively and the personal basic invention of Musa Al Khwarizmi are 4, 5, 7 & 8.   

*Roman numeral: The analog numeral of the mathematic I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX & X are called ‘Roman numeral’ in lieu of digital (from 0 & 1 to 9 numeral is called digital) Arabic numeral. 

‘I’ is the Ninth Number Alphabet of English Grammar, which is represented ‘One’ (1) in Roman numeral. For example: I=1, II=2, III=3, IV=4, V=5, VI=6, VII=7, VIII=8, IX=9, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000.

We know that the previous “International Numeral” was Roman numeral i.e.I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX & X. It may be noted that an especial feature of an influential Magazine, issued in U.K, on the occasion of “London Islam Festival-1980”, observing of New Hijra century-1400, remarked that the European revive would be go-ahead before 100 years if the Arabic numeral 1, 2. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, & 9 invented 100 years ago.

Topic: The Assistant Figure of Arithmetic “0’ (Zero)

 “Al-Khwarizmi’s work on arithmetic was responsible for introducing the Arabic numerals, based on the Hindu-Arabic numeralsystem developed in Indian mathematics, to the Western world. The term "algorithm" is derived from the algorism, the technique of performing arithmetic with Hindu-Arabic numerals developed by al-Khwārizmī. Both "algorithm" and "algorism" are derived from the Latinized forms of al-Khwārizmī's name, Algoritmiand Algorismi, respectively.

The symbol of zero is graphically rounded. The earth, sun, moon, and sky even our head is round too i.e. zero i.e. destroyable. 

There is no value of “0” (Zero) except 1 (One). Noted that there is no mathematical or statistical value of “Zero” (o) without 1 to 9 any figure; even no value if the ‘0’ (zero) is used “Before” (Left side of hand) 1(one). For the following example is:

“00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001”means only “1”(One). On the other hand, if it (Zero) is used “After” (Right side of hand) “1” (one); Zero (0) would be best significant and helpful in the mathematics side/sector for counting the

 following a largest figure i.e., million, billion, and trillion etc. figures: 

1,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000...........

Indeed, Zero, called Hindu numeral is too useful for the Arabic Numerals but not Roman Numerals. There is no easiness to use Zero in Roman numeral. For example, I0, II0, III0, but IV0 is not decentness. Noted that if the “One” (1) is expressed with in Roman numerals by 9^th of letter (consonant) “I”-of English Alphabet, it is not easiness to express a big figure with using the Roman numeral “I” figure. 

Without Allah-who is only One, all creation i.e. universe, that standard is zero is valueless. At first Allah then all creations are keen significant full, just like at firstly use 1 (one) and then use 0 zero-that standard is unit, tow zero

Conclusion: Since the Muslim mathematicians are basically founder of computer that’s because a Muslim should wellbeing Computer for the human. Especially Muslim scientist should come quick too positive using of computer as per as possible.

Some of his work was based on Persian and Babylonian astronomy, Indian numbers, and Greek mathematics.

Perhaps one o R. Rashed and Angela Armstrong write:

Al-Khwarizmi's text can be seen to be distinct not only from the Babylonian tablets, but also from Diophantus' Arithmetica. It no longer concerns a series of problems to be resolved, but an exposition which starts with primitive terms in which the combinations must give all possible prototypes for equations, which henceforward explicitly constitute the true object of study. On the other hand, the idea of an equation for its own sake appears from the beginning and, one could say, in a generic manner, insofar as it does not simply emerge in the course of solving a problem, but is specifically called on to define an infinite class of problems. If the most significant advances made by Arabic mathematics began at this time with the work of al-Khwarizmi, namely the beginnings of algebra. It is important to understand just how significant this new idea was. It was a revolutionary move away from the Greek concept of mathematics which was essentially geometry. Algebra was a unifying theory which allowed rational numbers, irrational numbers, geometrical magnitudes, etc., to all is treated as "algebraic objects". It gave mathematics a whole new

development pat the above discussion uses modern mathematical notation for the types of problems which the book discusses. However, in al-Khwārizmī's day, most of this notation had not yet been invented, so he had to use ordinary text to present problems and their solutions. For example, for one problem he writes, (from an 1831 translation). The quotable contribution of Al-Khwārizmī is “Binary Code”. 

Leibniz was trying to find a system that converts logic’s verbal statements into a pure mathematical one. After this, he came across a classic Chinese text called I Ching or ‘Book of Changes’, which used a type of binary code. The book had confirmed his theory that life could be simplified or reduced down to a series of straightforward propositions. He created a system consisting of rows of zeros and ones (Source: Web/Wikipedia)

A brief Moral Analysis/experiment on Binary Code

“A binary system in general is any system that allows only two choices such as a switch in an electronic system or a simple true (সত্য ) or false (মিথ্যা) test.”  (Wikipedia). 

 Noted that, George Boole published a paper in 1847, called 'The Mathematical Analysis of Logic' that describes an algebraic system of logic and known as “Boolean Algebra. Boole’s system was based on binary, a “Yes” (affirmative) & “No” (negative). On the other hand “On” & “Off” approach that consisted of the three most basic operations: “AND”, “OR”, and “NOT”. 

What is Algorithm?

What is Algorithm?

“Some words reflect the importance of al-Khwārizmī's contributions to mathematics. "Algebra" is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations he used to solve quadratic equations. Algorism and algorithm stemfrom Algoritmi, the Latin form of his name.^[8] His name is also the origin of (Spanish) guarismo^[9] and of (Portuguese) algarismo, both meaning digit”. (Source: Web.)

Search Algorithm

Neural Machine Translation System (NMT)

Search Algorithm: For Post Translate, was being used to “Phrase based Translation System” and the said translating system, perform with word by word translate; not sentence-wise translation then counting feasibility and expressing meaning with Search Algorithm. The proposed translate is to be done with artificial intellectual directed Neural Machine Translation System (NMT)”. 

Who is Muhammad Musa Al Kharigimi?

Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizm: Founder of Computer Science.

Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizm: The Great Successful user of Binary encoding system.Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Persian: محمد بن موسی خوارزمی‎‎, Arabic: محمد بن موسى الخوارزمی‎‎; c. 780 –. 850), formerly Latinized as Algoritmi,^{[note 2]} was a Persian^[3][4] (modern Khiva, Uzbekistan) mathematician, astronomer, and geographer during the Abbasid Caliphate, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. (Source: Wikipedia/web)   

  

 “In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm (/ˈælɡərɪðəm/ ( listen) AL-gə-ri-dhəm) is a self-contained sequence of actions to be performed. Algorithms can perform calculation, data processing

data processing and automated reasoning tasks. (Source: Ditto) 

  

The Great Role in Mathematics, the “Fuel of Science”of Muhammad Musa Al-Khwarizmi:

“Algorithm based Microchip by Muhammad Musa Al Khwarizmi, helps to change the world picture”.

 (Addressed by Dr. Mahathir Muhammad, Ex-Prime Minister of Malaysia in an International Islamic Forum in Kuala lampore : (Source: The Magazine, published by Rabat-e-Al Alam Al Islam, K.S.A.)

“Al-Khwarizmi’s second major work was on the subject of arithmetic, which survived in a Latin translation but was lost in the original Arabic. The translation was most likely done in the 12th century by Adelard of Bath, who had also translated the astronomical tables in 1126”. (Ditto)

 “The Latin manuscripts are untitled, but are commonly referred to by the first two words with which they start: Dixit algorizmi ("So said al-Khwārizmī"), or Algoritmi de numero Indorum ("al-Khwārizmī on the Hindu Art of

 Reckoning"), a name given to the work by Baldassarre Boncompagni in 1857. The original Arabic title was possibly Kitāb al-Jam‘wat-Tafrīq bi-Ḥisāb al-Hind^[22] ("The Book of Addition and Subtraction According to the Hindu Calculation").”^{[23] (Wikipedia)}

“On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals written about 825 was principally responsible for spreading the Hindu–Arabic numeral system throughout the Middle East and Europe. It was translated into Latin as Algoritmi de numero Indorum. Al-Khwārizmī, rendered as (Latin) Algoritmi, led to the term "algorithm".

Ramadan…with Baby!

(Courtesy of:

Allah The Most High Says (what means): {To Allah belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth; He creates what He wills. He gives to whom He wills female [children], and He gives to whom He wills males…} [Quran 42:49]

A mother lode of Ramadan blessings

Children are God’s gifts to whomever He so pleases. As such, they should not become obstacles to our thankful efforts in Ramadan to increase our worship of a Most Gracious and Generous Lord.

Ramadan is back again, Al-Hamdulillaah—and not a moment too soon! We should be grateful we are granted another precious chance to fast, increase our acts of worship, and pile up as many good deeds as possible in just a month's time. It is often over in a blink of an eye. So it's a race to make the most of each day and night in devotion to, and sincere worship of Allah, our Lord and Creator.

But for a worshipper who's also a wife, this goal can be an oh so difficult one to achieve—balancing a Ramadan schedule for the soul against taking care of a home and a family in a fasting and night intensive time. This is exponentially truer for mothers who are breastfeeding and caring for a baby while fasting and running a fasting household.

How often a new mother is up all night with her baby tending to its needs and settling it to sleep! She barely closes her eyes before it's the wee hours of the night and its time to get up and start the fasting day. The loss of sleep, weakness from fasting, and the substantial calorie and time losses of nursing a hungry baby can leave a worshipping mother exhausted, even depressed.

These are the last feelings of spirit a Muslim seeks to mine, especially during the auspicious month of Quran. When that Muslimah is also a mother, she struggles both to fulfill her family's needs and that of the home, in addition to her own Ramadan worship. There can be no doubt that fasting, prayer, and recitation of Quran own a higher priority over her, even as Allah Almighty reminds us in the Noble Quran (what means): {O you who have believed, let not your wealth and your children divert you from remembrance of Allah. And whoever does that – then those are the losers.} [Quran 63:9] Yet a Muslim mother's household and care-giving worship do not desist.

Yet while maintaining the fast and sustaining increased acts of worship in Ramadan presents such women with particularly arduous challenges, it nonetheless remains true that she can excel on the Siyaam (fasting) and Qiyaam (night prayer) side and in the administration and nurture of home and baby too. Indeed, it is not only absolutely possible, but utterly spiritually invigorating. With substantial organization and pre-planning, motivated new mothers (and new mothers again) can reap all the rewards of Ramadan and then some, and enjoy this special month too.

Down-home Ramadan advice

Sister Alayah, a stay-at-home mother of four in Georgia, has this counsel for Ramadan mothers: Do as much preparation as possible well before Ramadan even begins. "I have fasted during pregnancy, while breastfeeding, and [while] coping with colicky babies. You name it and I went through it.” What worked best for sister Alayah was making a balanced Ramadan schedule and sticking to it. "I just made sure that everything had its time and place. I planned the Ramadan Suhoor and Iftaar meals beforehand. I created the daily menus and went shopping."

For older children, Alayah recommends having crafts and simple toys on hand to keep them occupied so that you can perform prayer, read the Quran, or work in the kitchen. "I make Ramadan folders for my children. They have their own schedule for fun activities during the Ramadan day, as well as Quran and Hadeeth study pages. I also print coloring and craft pages from the Internet, which is an excellent resource."

As for caring for a baby, Alayah says: "I always make sure that my baby is well fed and cared for first before I tend to other activities." By doing this, the baby is less likely to be fussy when the mother wants to perform prayer or read the Quran. With a clean diaper and a full belly, the baby will most likely be content while the mother engages in acts of worship or other activities.

Mothers can also rely a bit on technology when trying to free her hands up for worship or housework.

Automated baby swings and rockers are hot items for infants, though they can cost. They may soothe your baby, but they won't protect them. Be sure you are in the same room supervising to ensure the safety of your baby.

Samurai strategies for a sweet Ramadan

Aasiya, another stay-at-home mom who lives in Japan, remembers being all alone during Ramadan with her then 1-month-old baby Safa. "I was recovering from a C-section and could not do much around the house. I relied on an 'old wives' technique to make my baby sleep longer during the Ramadan nights." Aasiya bathed her daughter every night before bed then swaddled her firmly in a blanket. "She would sleep tight through the night. I would be able to recite Quran and [make] Thikr or warm up my heart in prayer without interruption."

Aasiya also made it a habit of getting up an hour before the Suhoor meal so that she could perform the Tahajjud Salah night vigil and prepare things for the next day while her baby snoozed. Simple things like quickly chopping vegetables or defrosting meat can be done right before Suhoor so that they will be ready when you need them later in the day.

What helped Aasiya most during Ramadan was keeping the Iftaar menu simple. "I stuck with preparing one appetizer, one main course and fruit salad every day during Ramadan." She also kept the cleaning of her home to a bare minimum. "Being a cleaning freak, I had to make myself understand one thing in Ramadan: I am supposed to perform my prayer and Quran recitation properly. Nobody is going to award me medals for keeping the house super clean. All energy I have would be my baby's requirement when she was awake in the daytime, so I should be loyal to Allah and my daughter in Ramadan."

For breastfeeding mothers who want to fast but fear their milk supply will diminish or they will feel extra thirsty, Aasiya shares some advice that helped her during Ramadan with her baby. "I always ate yogurt during the Suhoor meal, as someone told me it helps prevent thirst. It worked like a charm for me. I also drank a lot of fluids, mostly water, during Suhoor and after Iftar." As a result, sister Aasiya had no trouble fasting in Ramadan and rarely felt thirsty, even though she maintained her regular breastfeeding schedule to keep up with the demands of her baby.

...If only you knew

It's important to note that pregnant and breastfeeding mothers are not required to fast during Ramadan and can make up the missed days at a later date. But the incentives, the incentives...

Allah, Transcendent and Exalted, Says in the Gracious Quran (what means): {[Fasting for] a limited number of days. So whoever among you is ill or on a journey [during them] – then an equal number of days [are to be made up]. And upon those who are able [to fast, but with hardship] – a ransom [as substitute] of feeding a poor person [each day]. And whoever volunteers excess – it is better for him. But to fast is best for you, if you only knew.} [Quran 2:184]

Thus, many Muslim women opt to fast during Ramadan and it is permissible for them to do so, in accordance with the approval of the Prophet Muhammad . Remember! All the missed fasts from Ramadan must be made up at a later date. Say, 29 or 30 days of fasting, sometimes running into multiple years of childbearing and nursing, can be hard to make up on your own.

Moreover, not fasting in Ramadan truly makes the heart heavy and sad. "When you are determined to fast in Ramadan so that you do not have to make up the fasts later all alone, you show courage," observes Aasiya. "Ask Allah for help. It is His blessing that will energize you during the fast. You will feel successful after a whole month of Ramadan worship while juggling the care of your baby and the house-work."

Ramadan is like a rainbow that appears in the sky after a cloudburst on a sun-drenched day. Its beauty and mercy last only as long as the time it is permitted by Allah. Muslims must seize the Ramadan days and nights in utter worship of Allah while striving to keep distractions at bay.

"Ramadan is a beautiful month, so have patience," says sister Alayah. "Get the whole family involved in worship and lending a hand to the mother of the home so that she, too, can worship."

Incidentally, Sister Alayah has taken her Ramadan scheduling to the ultimate level by implementing it for the entire year, not fasting daily, of course. "Everything I have shared is now the basic routine for my family, not just during Ramadan. So, when Ramadan comes again it is not hard for my family to adjust.

Zakat (The Poor Due): Meaning, Ruling and Benefits

The literal meaning of "Zakat" is purity. Its Islamic technical meaning designates the annual amount of wealth, food, property etc. which a Muslim with the adequate means must distribute among the rightful beneficiaries.

Zakat is a remarkable institution and a major pillar of Islam. Allah, Almighty, Says (what means): "And establish the Prayer, and pay Zakat (the poor due)..." [Quran, 2:43]

Moreover, Zakat is an obligatory act because it is one of the pillars of Islam: The Prophet  said: "Islam was built upon five (pillars): `The testimony that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah; the establishment of the prayer; paying the obligatory charity (Zakat); pilgrimage to the House (Hajj to the Ka'bah in Makkah) and fasting (the month of) Ramadan."' [Al-Bukhari and Muslim]

Zakat is a small portion of the Muslim's wealth that must be given to the poor or to other specified beneficiaries. Whoever claims that Zakat is not obligatory and refuses to pay it, is not a Muslim, but a Muslim who refuses to pay Zakat due to stinginess, while affirming its obligation, has committed a great sin for which one will be severely punished.

Allah, Almighty, Says (what means): "...and as for those who hoard treasures of gold and silver, and do not spend them for the sake of Allah, announce unto them a painful torment. On the Day when that [hoarded wealth] shall be heated in the Fire of Hell and with it will be branded their foreheads, their flanks, and their backs, (and it will be said unto them): `This is the treasure which you hoarded for yourselves. Now taste of what you used to hoard." [Quran 9: 34-35]

He, Almighty, also Says (what means): "And let not those who covetously withhold of that which Allah has bestowed on them of His bounty (wealth) think that it is good for them (and so they do not pay Zakat). No, it will be worse for them; the things which they covetously withheld will be tied to their necks like a collar on the Day of Resurrection..." [Quran 3:180]

There is no equivalent in any other language to the word "Zakat" and the meaning it conveys. It is not just a form of charity, or alms-giving or tax or tithe. Nor, is it simply an expression of kindness; it is all of these combined and much more. It is a duty enjoined by Allah and a source of purification for the individual and society as a whole.

He, Almighty, Says (what means): "Take from their wealth 'sadaqah' (Zakat) in order to purify them and sanctify them with it." [Quran 9: 103]

Zakat benefits the society in many ways. Here is an explanation of the far-reaching effects of it:

1. Zakat purifies the individual and his wealth. The status of his wealth is increased with Allah and in turn, he will be rewarded. When a person becomes liable for paying Zakat, a certain percentage of his wealth should be distributed immediately in the correct manner, because at that point, the wealth which is to be distributed does not belong to him. If this wealth is retained, it spoils the status of all of his wealth.

2. Zakat does not only purify the property of the one who gives it, it also purifies his heart from selfishness and greed. In return, it purifies the heart of the recipient from envy and jealousy, and it fosters in his heart good will and warm wishes toward the contributor. As a result, the rich and poor of society are bound together as a unit, working together and helping one another.

3. Zakat decreases the sufferings of the needy and poor members of society, however, those in need should not depend on it completely.

4. Zakat is an effective means of developing the spirit of social responsibility on the part of the well-to-do, and the feeling of security and belonging on the part of the underprivileged.

5. Zakat is a clear manifestation of the spiritual and humanitarian interactions between the individual and society. It is a sound illustration of the fact that though Islam does not hinder private enterprise or condemn private possessions, it does not tolerate selfish and greedy control of wealth and property. It is an expression of the general philosophy of Islam which adopts a moderate and effective course between the Individual and Society.

In conclusion, we mention a calling by Allah, Almighty (what means): "O You who believe! Shall I lead you to a bargain that will save you from grievous suffering [in this world and in the life to come)? You are to believe in Allah and His Messenger and strive hard in Allah's cause with your possessions and your lives: this is for your own good – if you had known it." [Qur'an, 61: 10-11]